Insulin Resistance and Prediabetes

Insulin resistance is among the most widespread chronic conditions in the country, and it leads to high blood sugar levels, prediabetes, and type 2 diabetes. The health consequences can include hospitalizations, cardiac events and stroke, kidney disease, neuropathy, and amputations. Insulin resistance is also linked to other health conditions, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimate the medical and indirect costs of diabetes at well over $2 billion annually. [1]

Prediabetes and diabetes may affect nearly half of adults, and far more adults may have early stages of insulin resistance. [2] This may include you! Still, you can take charge of your insulin resistance and lower blood sugar levels. Lifestyle changes may be enough to restore insulin sensitivity without medication, but if your doctor says medications are necessary, your healthy behaviors can still make medications more effective.

What Is Insulin Resistance?

Insulin resistance occurs when certain cells in your body are no longer fully sensitive, or responsive, to the effects of insulin.[3] Insulin is a hormone that is produced by beta cells of your pancreas. It is necessary for your liver, muscle, and fat cells to process sugar, or glucose, that is in your blood.

When insulin resistance is low or absent, your body processes carbohydrates normally. Your body breaks down carbohydrates (including sugars and starches) in the foods you eat into a type of sugar called glucose. Glucose goes into your bloodstream. Cells such as muscle, liver, and fat cells take it from the bloodstream and use it for fuel and for energy storage for later use when you have not just eaten a meal.

The trick is that these cells need insulin to remove glucose from the blood. With insulin resistance, your cells are less able to respond to insulin. That means your cells have difficulty taking glucose from the blood, which means blood sugar stays high after a meal. You could develop prediabetes or diabetes.

Insulin Resistance Syndrome

Insulin resistance is a metabolic disorder that does not happen in a vacuum. Instead, insulin resistance syndrome one of several metabolic abnormalities that tend to occur together and Sometimes, the term, “insulin resistance syndrome,” is used in place of “metabolic syndrome.” These syndromes raise your risk of heart disease and, according to an article published in the journal, “American Family Physician” can include these symptoms. [4]

• Insulin resistance
• Diabetes
• Hypertension (high blood pressure)
• Hyperlipidemia (high cholesterol and/or triglycerides)
• Obesity
• Central adiposity, or too much fat around your waist

The International Code-10 (ICD-10) for metabolic syndrome is E88.81. This code is also used for similar conditions, such as insulin resistance, dysmetabolic syndrome x, and metabolic syndrome x.

Insulin Resistance Symptoms

You are unlikely to have insulin resistance symptoms during early stages or when you have prediabetes, according to the National Institute of Digestive and Kidney Diseases. [5] You could discover skin tags or darkened, velvety patches of skin called acanthosis nigricans on your neck or armpits.

More symptoms of insulin resistance could appear if insulin resistance progresses and you develop diabetes.

• Blurred vision.
• Neuropathy, including pain, tingling, or numbness on hands or feet.
• Increased thirst and urination.
• Unexplained hunger and weight loss.
• More infections or slower-to-heal wounds.

It is important to keep blood sugar levels at target levels because higher-than-normal blood sugar levels for a long period of time put you at risk for complications. Complications of diabetes can include the following:

• High blood pressure (hypertension).
• Amputations of the foot or lower leg.
• Blindness.
• Heart disease.
• Strokes.

Insulin resistance is more likely if you have weight gain or obesity. In addition, weight gain is more likely among patients who are treated with insulin. That is probably because the increase in insulin allows for the “proper” use of glucose, which includes storing excess glucose as fat – which increases body weight.

Causes of Insulin Resistance

The causes of insulin resistance can be complicated and can include chronic inflammatory processes as well as dysregulation and hormone imbalance. Genes can influence your risk, and older adults are more prone to insulin resistance. However, obesity is the major cause of insulin resistance in many cases. Other lifestyle factors that can increase insulin resistance include:

• Low physical activity levels.
• Use of tobacco.
• Diet high in sugar and unhealthy fats.
• Diet low in vegetables and dietary fiber.
• Too much stress.
• Not enough sleep.
• Excessive alcohol consumption.

A cause of insulin resistance in females can be polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Although PCOS is an imbalance affecting the balance of sex hormones in the body, it also is closely related to insulin resistance and diabetes. About 2 in 3 women with PCOS have insulin resistance, including up to 4 in 5 women with PCOS who are obese. [6] Other symptoms include tendency to gain weight, infertility, irregular menstrual cycles, hair loss, and headaches.

An Insulin Resistance Test

An insulin resistance test can be simple, quick, and life-saving. You can ask your doctor to order a test for insulin resistance at the lab where you get your regular blood tests. The three tests that are used to diagnose prediabetes and diabetes are fasting glucose, glycated hemoglobin (A1C), and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). [7]

These tests detect insulin resistance only after it has progressed for a while and your blood sugar levels have started to rise. Some research suggests that other tests for insulin resistance may be able to detect it earlier. [8] You might want to ask your doctor if you have risk factors for insulin resistance.

How to Reverse Insulin Resistance

You might have heard about reversing insulin resistance, but can it be reversed? So many people have insulin resistance, and so many of those patients progress to diabetes, that you may think it is not possible to reverse insulin resistance. But…you would be wrong!

In most cases, reversing insulin resistance is possible, and often without medications. Study after study has shown that insulin resistance treatment with lifestyle changes can:

• Delay diabetes,
• Stop the progression of insulin resistance, or
• Completely reverse insulin resistance.

Keep reading if you want to know how to fix insulin resistance!

Insulin Resistance and Weight Loss

Weight loss may be top on the list when you are thinking about how to treat insulin resistance. Your weight may be the cause of your insulin resistance or be increasing your risk if:

• You have a body mass index over 30 kg/m2. To put that into perspective, that is a weight of 169 lb. if your height is 5’3”, 197 lb. if your height is 5’8”, and 213 lb. for a height of 6’0”.
• You have gained unwanted weight as an adult.
• You have a waist-to-hip ratio over 1.0 (men) or 0.8 (women).

How important is weight loss for insulin resistance treatment? It is very significant, even if you lose what seems like only a little bit of weight.

• A loss of 7% of your body weight (12 lb. if you weigh 180 lb. or 14 lb. if you weigh 200 lb.) can lower diabetes risk by over 50%.
• Each kilogram (2.2 lb.) of excess weight that you lose lowers your risk by 16%.
• Each pound of excess weight that you gain raises your risk by 2%. [9]

Since you may be able to reverse insulin resistance with long-term, moderate weight loss, your best bet for weight loss is a sustainable plan that may include the components in the following table.

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Insulin Resistance Diet Plan

Aside from affecting your weight, what you eat can affect insulin resistance. More nutritious foods tend to increase insulin sensitivity, while less nutritious foods tend to lower it. The best diet for insulin resistance is generally:

• High in dietary fiber from foods such as vegetables, whole grains, nuts, fruit, and beans.
• Higher in whole grains (such as whole grain bread, pasta, and cereal, oatmeal, brown rice) than refined (such as white bread, pasta, and rice).
• Low in fried foods, such as French fries, fried chicken, doughnuts, and onion rings.
• Low in fatty red meats and processed meats such as ham, bacon, bologna, pepperoni, sausage, and hot dogs.
• Low in added sugars from foods such as candy, cakes, cookies, pies, and other baked goods, ice cream, other desserts, and sweetened flavored foods such as flavored oatmeal and yogurt.
• Low in sugar-sweetened beverages such as soft drinks, sports drinks, energy drinks, and sweetened coffee and tea beverages.
• Moderate in carbohydrates, with small servings spread throughout the day.

An insulin resistance meal plan can include vegetables and a source of lean protein at most meals and snacks. It should have plenty of whole grains, fruit, reduced-fat dairy products, and healthy fats. You can consider filling half your plate with vegetables at most meals, adding a serving of lean protein or low-fat dairy, adding a whole grain, fruit, or starchy vegetable, and adding the occasional healthy fat.

A sample insulin resistance diet menu could look something like this. (Add plenty of water and check with your doctor before starting a new meal plan).

Natural Remedies for Insulin Resistance

A healthy lifestyle can go a long way toward reducing insulin resistance without medications or, if you are on blood sugar-lowering medications, healthy life choices can make them more effective. They are simple and include:

• Achieving 150 minutes per week of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise, such as brisk walking, stationary or road cycling, aerobics, kickboxing, dancing, gardening, playing tennis, and swimming. Exercise directly increases insulin sensitivity.
• Strength training each major muscle group at least twice per week. You can use weight machines, body weight, barbells, resistance bands, or dumbbells. Aim to hit the shoulders, chest, back, front and backs of the arms, stomach and core, hips, and upper and lower legs.
• Getting enough sleep. Most adults need 7 to 9 hours each night, but fall short regularly. Sleep deprivation, even for a single night, alters hormone levels, including raising levels of a hormone called ghrelin that makes you hungry. Insulin resistance also increases, while your ability to resist carb and sugar cravings decreases when you are short on shuteye.
• Manage stress. You may not be able to eliminate stress – and nor should you, since it is a healthy and natural response. Too much stress, poorly managed, though, can raise insulin resistance. After you identify negative stresses in your life, such as having too much to do or feeling pressure to be perfect, identify and then practice stress management techniques. These can include changing your attitude (“I’ll only worry about what I can change and not about what I cannot change”) and using in-the-moment strategies when you feel yourself getting anxious. You can try deep breathing, meditating, walking, phoning a friend, blogging or journaling, and listening to music, for starters. See what works for you!

There are many other natural remedies for insulin resistance along with losing excess weight and eating healthier. Many people take supplements for insulin resistance, and there is some evidence that they can make your other efforts more effective. According to research presented in the journals, “Frontiers in Bioscience” [10] and “Canadian Family Physician”, [11] the following natural insulin resistance supplements may support healthier blood sugar control and levels in prediabetes or diabetes.

• Cinnamon may increase the activity at insulin receptors and may help store glucose. Cinnamon appears to lower blood sugar levels in patients with diabetes.
• Chromium is an essential mineral for proper insulin action. Deficiency causes diabetes. Chromium picolinate supplements could lower blood glucose and A1C levels in people with diabetes, but there is mixed evidence on this.
• Fenugreek is an herb that has been used since ancient times in traditional medicine systems, including Ayurvedic medicine. It may lower cholesterol levels and increase insulin secretion by the pancreas, but it does not appear to lower A1C or blood sugar levels consistently.
• Bitter melon may increase insulin release from the pancreas, but it does not appear to reduce insulin resistance.
• Gymnema sylvestre is another ancient herb used in Ayurvedic medicine for purposes such as weight loss and cholesterol and diabetes management. It could lower fasting blood glucose and A1C levels slightly.
• Green tea has caffeine and phytonutrients, including epigallocatechin gallate, that may improve insulin sensitivity. It could lower fasting blood glucose, but research is mixed, and green tea does not appear to lower A1C.
• Vanadium is another mineral linked to proper insulin function and carbohydrate metabolism, but supplementation is not certain to be safe or effective for improving insulin sensitivity.

Always talk to your doctor before taking dietary supplements. Even natural supplements can pose health risks or interfere with medications. They are not suitable for everyone, especially if you are pregnant, are taking some medications, or have certain health conditions.

Since weight loss can be challenging, but it is so healthy, a perfect weight loss pill would be wonderful. Wouldn’t it be nice if you could pop a pill, lose a few pounds, and lower blood sugar levels? It does not appear to be that simple. Here are some points to consider from the American Diabetes Association. [12]

• Some blood sugar-lowering medications support weight loss or management. These include metformin, which is the most likely medication for early insulin resistance.
• Some blood sugar-lowering medications lead to weight gain.
• All medications have side effects and risks.
• They should not be used during pregnancy.
• Weight loss medications should be used to enhance results from diet and physical activity, and not as a replacement for healthy behaviors.
• Costs can range from $5 to over $1,000 per month.

FDA-approved weight loss drugs include the following.

• Phentermine.
• Contrave.
• Saxenda (liraglutide).
• Orlistat (Alli).

These medications can cause side effects ranging from uncomfortable to life-threatening. Examples include diarrhea, constipation, and nausea; vomiting; headaches; fatigue; renal failure; pancreatitis; and thyroid tumors.

How Lark Can Help with Reversing Insulin Resistance and Prediabetes

It is great that a healthy lifestyle can often reverse insulin resistance, but where can you get the help you need to make those healthy changes? Where can you go to track your food intake and physical activity? Who will provide you with instant feedback on what you ate and how much you slept? Where will you find a nurse who is ready to chat anytime, day or night, weekends included, with no appointment necessary and no extra fees?

It can all be available to you through your smartphone with Lark DPP. This digital health coach offers CDC-approved educational lessons with a program that has been shown to lower diabetes risk by over 50%. Your Lark nurse is powered by AI (artificial intelligence), allowing every patient to experience a unique and personalized program.

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Lark can help you with diet and reversing insulin resistance and prediabetes by acting as your personal nurse. Lark acts as a health educator, cheerleader, and conscience. For those times when you just need a friend, Lark is at your side.

Lark helps with the daily healthy lifestyle choices that are the core of your i
nsulin resistance reversal plan. With the app, you can:

• Log and track your food and physical activity.
• Set and track weight and physical activity goals.
• Get instant feedback on food choices.
• Learn strategies for making healthy choices easier and more natural.
• Walk through stress management techniques when you need them.
• Monitor sleep and improve sleep quality and quantity to help normalize hormones.

Insulin resistance is common and it can be progressive, but you do not need to take it lying down. Natural remedies for insulin resistance and prediabetes can be surprisingly effective. Lark DPP helps you with learning your options and making good choices, so find out if you may be eligible!

References

1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Diabetes Statistics Report, 2017. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Dept of Health and Human Services; 2017. https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pdfs/data/statistics/national-diabetes-statistics-report.pdf. Reviewed March 6, 2018. Accessed December 5, 2018.
2. Fonseca VA. Defining and Characterizing the Progression of Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care Nov 2009, 32 (suppl 2) S151-S156; DOI: 10.2337/dc09-S301.
3. Insulin Resistance and Prediabetes. NIDDK. https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/what-is-diabetes/prediabetes-insulin-resistance. Updated May 2018. Accessed December 5, 2018.
4. Rao GM. Insulin Resistance Syndrome. Am Fam Physician. 2001 Mar 15;63(6):1159-1164. https://www.aafp.org/afp/2001/0315/p1159.html
5. Insulin Resistance and Prediabetes. NIDDK. https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/what-is-diabetes/prediabetes-insulin-resistance Updated May 2018. Accessed December 6, 2018.
6. Marshall JC, Dunaif A. Should all women with PCOS be treated for insulin resistance?. Fertil Steril. 2012;97(1):18-22.
7. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes—2017. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(Suppl 1).
8. Cobb J, Gall W, Adam KP, et al. A novel fasting blood test for insulin resistance and prediabetes. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2013;7(1):100-10. Published 2013 Jan 1. doi:10.1177/193229681300700112. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3692221/
9. Fonseca VA. Defining and Characterizing the Progression of Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care Nov 2009, 32 (suppl 2) S151-S156; DOI: 10.2337/dc09-S301.
10. Kouzi SA, Yang S, Nuzum DS, Dirks-Naylor AJ. Natural supplements for improving insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. Front Biosci (Elite Ed). 2015 Jan 1;7:94-106. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25553366
11. Nahas R, Moher M. Complementary and alternative medicine for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Can Fam Physician. 2009;55(6):591-6.
12. American Diabetes Association Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2018. American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2018 Jan; 41(Supplement 1). https://diabetesed.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/2018-ADA-Standards-of-Care.pdf  

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